# these rules might exclude image files for figures etc.
# *.ps
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-*.pdf
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## Generated if empty string is given at "Please type another file name for output:"
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\loremipsum
\end{Abstract}
+\begin{figure}[htb]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{continuum}
+\caption{Continuum between Beaudouin Lafon's Tool and Partner paradigms.}
+\label{fig:interactioncontinuum}
+\end{figure}
+
\begin{itemize}
\item Métamorphe \cite{bailly13}
\item Living Desktop \cite{bailly16}
\loremipsum
\end{Abstract}
-\begin{itemize}
- \item Fingercuts \cite{goguey14,goguey14a,goguey17}
- \item FlexStylus \cite{fellion17}
- \item Haptic Direct Manipulation \cite{pietrzak15,gupta16}
- \item Summon \& Select \cite{gupta17}
-\end{itemize}
+\section{Extending direct manipulation to haptic displays}
+
+Haptic Direct Manipulation \cite{pietrzak15,gupta16}
+
+\section{Direct manipulation without pointing}
+
+Summon \& Select \cite{gupta17}
+
+\section{Fingers as interactive instruments}
+
+Fingercuts \cite{goguey14,goguey14a,goguey17}
\label{chap:intro}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\nameref{chap:intro}}
\addcontentsline{lof}{chapter}{\nameref{chap:intro}}
- \epigraph{\lorem}{Auteur}
+ \epigraph{\lorem \lorem \lorem}{Auteur}
-When I was a teenager, I was fascinated by computers, much more than I am today. I started to program early, and at this time I thought it was possible to create a program for everything. I believed the only limit of computer capabilities was the programmer's ability to code it. My limit was… pointers at this time. I wanted to create a program that was able to have a relevant conversation with me. I learned later that many people were working on this for decades. I tried the ELIZA system~\cite{weizenbaum66}, and I was not satisfied with it. It was just repeating what I was saying, and used a small set of expressions to ask me to make the conversation. Most of the time it spotted the right word in my sentence, but sometimes not and what it was saying just did not make any sense. It clearly failed the famous Turing test~\cite{turing50}, I knew about many years later. I think I wanted the program to understand what I write, without having hard coded key sentences or all grammar rules. Nobody speaks like a grammar book. Naively, I wanted to write a better program. However I did not want to code associations between concepts, words, metaphors and so on. I knew this was a huge work, that would take me several lives to achieve, and that when I will be finished, half of it will be obsolete. In fact I had no idea how to start.
+When I was a teenager, I was fascinated by computers, much more than I am today. I started to program early, and at this time I thought it was possible to create a program for everything. I believed the only limit of computer capabilities was the programmer's ability to code it. My limit was… pointers at this time. I wanted to create a program that was able to have a relevant conversation with me. I learned later that many people were working on this for decades. I tried the ELIZA system~\cite{weizenbaum66}, and I was not satisfied with it. It was just repeating what I was saying, and used a small set of expressions to ask me to make the conversation. Most of the time it spotted the right word in my sentence, but sometimes not and what it was saying just did not make any sense. It clearly failed the famous Turing test~\cite{turing50}, I knew about many years later. I think I wanted the program to understand what I write, without having hard coded key sentences or all grammar rules. Nobody speaks like a grammar book anyway. Naively, I wanted to write a better program. However I did not want to code associations between concepts, words, metaphors and so on. I knew this was a huge work, that would take me several lives to achieve, and that when I will be finished, half of it will be obsolete. In fact I had no idea how to start.
\section{Artificial Intelligence}
-Later, when I was a computer science student, I followed \defword{Artificial Intelligence} (AI) lessons. I learned about classical AI techniques, such as \defword{expert systems}~\cite{lindsay80}, the \defword{Perceptron}~\cite{rosenblatt57} and \defword{neural networks}~\cite{mcculloch43}. It reminded my teenager days. These were of course more advanced than anything I made myself. However I felt disappointed because none of these techniques seemed to be sufficient for creating a system that passes the Turing Test. In fact seemed to be the general opinion in the scientific community, mostly due to overstatements from pioneer researchers in AI:
+Later, when I was a computer science student, I followed \defword{Artificial Intelligence} (AI) courses. I learned about classical AI techniques, such as \defword{expert systems}~\cite{lindsay80}, the \defword{Perceptron}~\cite{rosenblatt57} and \defword{neural networks}~\cite{mcculloch43}. It reminded my teenager days. These were of course more advanced than anything I made myself. However I felt disappointed because none of these techniques seemed to be sufficient for creating a system that passes the Turing Test. In fact seemed to be the general opinion in the scientific community, mostly due to overstatements from pioneer researchers in AI:
\myquote{Within ten years a digital computer will be the world’s chess champion.}{Herbert Simon and Allen Newell, 1958}
We shall use the expression \defword{computable function} to mean a function calculable by a machine, and let “effectively calculable” refer to the intuitive idea without particular identification with any one of these definitions.~\cite{turing38}
\end{definition}
-Therefore, computable functions refer to programs (\defword{Turing machines} (TM), \defword{$\lambda$-calculus} ($\lambda$-c) or any\defword{Turing-complete} formalism) and effectively calculable functions are algorithms.
+Therefore, computable functions refer to programs (\defword{Turing machines} (TM), \defword{$\lambda$-calculus} ($\lambda$-c) or any \defword{Turing-complete} formalism) and effectively calculable functions are algorithms.
The Church-Turing thesis states that every effectively calculable function is a computable function.
To put it simply, there is a computer program for every algorithm.
%This may seem straightforward now that we have billions of examples useful and working computer programs.
%However it states an equivalence between theoretical models such as Turing machines or $\lambda$-calculus and what can be computer on a physical computer.
%It enables the theoretical analysis of computing problems with one of these models.
-Turing showed the limits of calculability.
+Turing showed the limits of calculability though.
He proved there is no algorithm that can predict if running any program on any input finishes or runs forever~\cite{turing36}.
-This is known as the halting problem.
+This is known as the halting problem, and was defined by Hilbert~\cite{hilbert28}.
The idea of the proof is that such an algorithm would take a program and an input as an input, and return 1 if this program finishes, 0 otherwise.
This program would need to emulate this program on this input.
If the program finishes, this algorithm would effectively return 1.
As I still knew little about HCI, I was struck by thunder.
He exposed three fascinating visions:
\begin{itemize}
- \item Engelbart's vision of computers that extend human capabilities~\cite{engelbart68}.
\item Wegner's \defword{interactive computation}~\cite{wegner97}.
+ \item Engelbart's vision of computers that extend human capabilities~\cite{engelbart68}.
\item His own \defword{instrumental interaction}~\cite{mbl00}.
\end{itemize}
-\subsection{Englebart}
-
-Englebart's vision stems from Vannevar Bush's work on the Memex, % as he was coordinating scientific research in the United States during the second world war.
-the idea of extending human memory with an electronic library~\cite{bush45}.
-It comprises a mechanism to store books and notes, an indexing system that allows searching documents, and a way to bookmark documents.
-Hypertext, computer networks and search engines are directly inspired by this vision.
-Between 1962 and 1968, at a time computer were a room size, Englebart pushed this vision forward.
-In his famous 1968 demo\footnote{The mother of all demos: \url{https://youtu.be/yJDv-zdhzMY}}, he showcased: a collaborative real-rime word processing editor, the computer mouse, a chorded keyboard, a windowing system, hypertext, file sharing, file annotating, video conferencing and revision control among others.
-It was not only mesmerizing because it was a huge list of striking ideas, but also because it was actually functioning live, contrary to the Memex which remained a concept.
-The reason why it was not only a technology push forward, but the creation of a whole new scientific area is that computers were not anymore just computing machines, but interactive machines that help us in our everyday tasks.
-This vision changed the way we work, our entertainments, and any other of our activities which today use an interactive system at some point.
-Along with Sutherland's work on Sketchpad~\cite{sutherland63}, and of course Bush's Memex that inspired them, these are the foundations of Human-Computer Interaction.
-
\subsection{Wegner}
Wegner refutes the strong Church-Turing thesis, which states that TMs can do anything a computer can do~\cite{goldin08}.
%Wegner presents interaction as a way to extend algorithms with external computation of some sort, with his interactive machines.
-\subsection{Beaudouin-Lafon}
+\subsection{Englebart}
+Englebart's vision stems from Vannevar Bush's work on the Memex, % as he was coordinating scientific research in the United States during the second world war.
+the idea of extending human memory with an electronic library~\cite{bush45}.
+It comprises a mechanism to store books and notes, an indexing system that allows searching documents, and a way to bookmark documents.
+Hypertext, computer networks and search engines are directly inspired by this vision.
+Between 1962 and 1968, at a time computer were a room size, Englebart pushed this vision forward.
+His vision was to use computers to extend human capabilities.
+In his famous 1968 demo\footnote{The mother of all demos: \url{https://youtu.be/yJDv-zdhzMY}}, he showcased: a collaborative real-rime word processing editor, the computer mouse, a chorded keyboard, a windowing system, hypertext, file sharing, file annotating, video conferencing and revision control among others.
+It was not only mesmerizing because it was a huge list of striking ideas that seem coming from another planet, but also because it was actually functioning live, contrary to the Memex which remained a concept.
+The reason why it was not only a technology push forward, but the creation of a whole new scientific area is that computers were not anymore just computing machines, but interactive machines that help us in our everyday tasks.
+This vision changed the way we work, or our entertainments.
+Most of our activities today use an interactive system at some point.
+Along with Sutherland's work on Sketchpad~\cite{sutherland63}, and of course Bush's Memex that inspired them, these are the foundations of Human-Computer Interaction.
+
+\subsection{Beaudouin-Lafon}
Beaudouin-Lafon defined the Instrumented interaction paradigm enables users to interact with domain objects~\cite{mbl00}.
To do so, the user performs actions on the instrument, which provide the user an immediate feedback, and perform a command on the domain object.
instrumented interaction for partners?
+computers see oracles, users see partners.
+
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.45\textwidth}
The \defword{fluidity} of an interactive systems refers to .
\end{definition}
+Semantic and articulatory distance\cite{norman88}
+\begin{definition}{Compliance}
+The \defword{compliance} of an interactive systems refers to its ability to executes the user's intended actions precisely.
+\end{definition}
+
+bounded-machine : n authorized operations after reading the stream. fluidity depends on machine poser. s = op/s f = n / s
+
Rigid systems perform long calculations with rare notifications, therefore rare occasions for the user to see the result, and change the partner's behavior. Fluid systems are direct manipulation/tools: calculations are fast (at least real time), the user has a continuous view on the system's state, and can interact at any time.
Evolution in time (large time scale) (ex. with machine learning).
+Don Norman action theory, computer side
+
+Plato's cavern: computer see a partial digitalized version of the world
+
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{delegationevolution}
%!TEX root = ../hdrmain.tex
-\chapter{Elements of perception/action}
+\chapter{The seven stages of computation}
\epigraph{\lorem}{Auteur}
\begin{Abstract}
\loremipsum
\end{Abstract}
-Previous work: \cite{pietrzak05,pietrzak06,pietrzak09}
+The design of interactive systems requires deep knowledge of both users and computers.
+Deeper than this, it requires understanding how the user and the interactive system interact with each other.
-\begin{itemize}
- \item Lagmeter \cite{casiez17}
- \item Friction textures \cite{potier12,potier16}
- \item Activibe \cite{cauchard16}
-\end{itemize}
-Ongoing work: haptic latency, haptics and embodiment
\ No newline at end of file
+Norman presents his \defword{seven stages of action}, which describes how humans interact with the world~\cite{norman88,norman02}.
+This model is depicted in red on Figure~\ref{fig:extendedaction}.
+The subject starts with establishing a \emph{goal}, which is a high level objective to achieve.
+As an example to illustrate the concept, let me present you Jimmy who just returned home after the Christmas holidays.
+His house is cold, and he needs to raise the temperature.
+To achieve this goal he has to formulate \emph{intentions}, such as turning on the radiator on.
+This requires \emph{specifying actions}, like turning a knob and decide how much to turn the knob.
+Last, Jimmy must \emph{execute the actions}.
+
+%They start with a goal, then formulate intentions.
+%Based on this intention they specify a series of actions to perform, then executes them.
+These actions have effects on the world, that they can perceive.
+They interpret it, based on their knowledge and experience.
+Based on this, they make an evaluation of the result of their actions on the world, and refine their goal in accordance.
+
+We can observe that the perception to action sequence is a refinement of O'Regan's \defword{sensorimotor loop}~\cite{oregan01a}.
+
+We define the \defword{seven stages of \fixme{computation}} based on Norman's seven stages of action.
+It is illustrated in blue on Figure~\ref{fig:extendedaction}.
+
+The interaction between a user and an interactive system is represented Figure~\ref{fig:extendedaction}.
+The user's actions are connected to the system sensors of the input devices, and the physical effects produced by the output devices are connected to the user's sensory organs.
+
+\begin{figure}[htb]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{extendedaction}
+\caption{Don Norman's seven stages of action~\cite{norman02}, extended with the system side of the mirror.}
+\label{fig:extendedaction}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+
+
+\begin{figure}[htb]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]{modeldifference}
+\caption{}
+\label{fig:modeldifference}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+Vibrotactile widgets~\cite{frisson17}
+
+\section{Investigating input: latency measurement}
+
+Lagmeter \cite{casiez17}
+
+\section{Exploring new input vocabulary: flexible pen}
+
+FlexStylus \cite{fellion17}
+
+\section{Encoding information: tactile cues for notifications}
+
+Previous work on encoding information with haptic cues: \cite{pietrzak05,pietrzak06,pietrzak09}
+
+Activibe \cite{cauchard16}
+
+\section{Understanding touch: tactile textures}
+
+Friction textures \cite{potier12,potier16}
\ No newline at end of file
projects / hdr.git / commitdiff
